北方夏玉米滴灌施肥一体化技术应用效果

为有效提高夏玉米水肥利用效率,通过田间试验对滴灌施肥一体化高效调控与利用技术进行系统的探究。结果表明,与常规漫灌(T1)相比,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术(T2和T3)可显著提高夏玉米大喇叭口期至灌浆期的叶面积指数;显著促进吐丝期至成熟期的干物质积累;在产量构成因素方面显著增加穗粗和穗粒数,并在一定程度上降低玉米穗的秃顶长度,进而显著提高夏玉米的产量。与T1相比,T2和T3增产5.32%~6.13%;水分利用效率提高36.10%~39.42%;氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高37.56%~35.29%、23.09%~30.30%、106.21%~121.51%。此外,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术可显著提高夏玉米生产经济效益。与T1相比,T2和T3可有效降低投产比,收益率平均提高4.71个百分点。在化肥用量较常规灌溉模式减少20%条件下,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术既能显著提高夏玉米产量,又能提高经济效益,是适宜在潮土区推广的一种高效节本增收的灌溉模式。     

缓释肥侧位深施及用量对油菜产量和肥料利用率的影响

为明确红壤稻田直播油菜缓释肥（N-P2O5-K2O:25-7-8）侧位深施效果及适宜用量，该研究连续2 a在两熟制和三熟制2种种植模式下开展缓释肥侧位深施效果对比试验（设置不施肥、土表撒施和侧位深施3个施肥方式）和施用量试验（设置0、300、450、600、750和900 kg/hm2 共6个施肥水平），研究缓释肥侧位深施及不同用量对油菜产量形成和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明，施肥方式对红壤稻田油菜产量形成和肥料利用率均有显著影响，且对两熟制油菜影响更为显著。相比传统土表撒施，侧位深施显著促进了油菜产量和肥料利用率的提高。缓释肥侧位深施明显提高了各时期油菜干物质量，尤其是显著增加了初花期至成熟期的干物质积累量，促进了花后根部与地上部干物质同步增长；促进了根系对N、P、K的吸收，提高了油菜产量和肥料利用率。菜籽产量与缓释肥用量呈线性加平台关系，适宜施肥量可保证较大的收获密度，并协同产生较多的每株角果数和每角粒数，从而提高籽粒产量、肥料利用率和经济效益。两熟制和三熟制油菜缓释肥侧位深施的适宜用量分别为715和585 kg/hm2，产量潜力可分别达2 450和1 700 kg/hm2。研究表明，侧位深施适量缓释肥可显著提高红壤稻田直播油菜生产力，建议结合机械化种植因地制宜推广应用。     

东北棕壤长期不同施肥处理轮作大豆氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮特征

【目的】在玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,基于棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对东北地区大豆生物量、产量、各部位吸氮量及收获期土壤0―100 cm硝态氮累积的影响,为该地区合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】棕壤肥料长期定位田间试验始于1979年,包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量厩肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N和M1NPK)、高量厩肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N和M2NPK)9个处理。厩肥为猪厩肥,1992年后大豆季不施猪厩肥,仅在玉米季相关处理中施用。39年后,调查分析了大豆生物量、产量、氮素吸收利用及大豆收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮累积特征。【结果】高量、低量厩肥配施化肥处理大豆生物量、产量、总吸氮量及各部位吸氮量均显著高于单施氮肥和不施肥处理,其中,M1NPK处理大豆生物量、产量和总吸氮量最高,分别为9107、2979和314.2 k g/h m^2,较其他处理分别提高了6.1%~133.6%、23.9%~232.5%和11.7%~359.4%。施肥提高了大豆氮收获指数,但氮素生理效率降低。NPK和M1NPK处理的氮素收获指数最高,均为63.5%,而氮素生理效率较CK分别降低了30.6%和28.1%。大豆收获期各处理土壤硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加而降低。与播前相比,大豆收获期单施氮肥处理的0―100 cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加,NPK处理变化不显著,M1、M1N和M1NPK处理显著降低。低量厩肥配施化肥处理收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮积累量远低于高量厩肥配施化肥处理,较播前平均降低了79.2%。所有处理中,土壤硝态氮积累量以M1NPK处理最低,比其他处理平均降低了58.2%。【结论】在东北棕壤地区玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,玉米季低量厩肥(13.5 t/hm^2)与氮磷钾化肥配合施用时,大豆季仅施氮磷钾化肥既可提高大豆生物量、产量,促进氮素吸收,同时还可降低大豆收获期土壤硝态氮累积量,降低环境风险,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。     

不同施肥措施及复垦年限下土壤团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体的数量和质量直接影响着土壤性质和有机碳固存。研究长期不同施肥措施及复垦年限对采煤塌陷区土壤团聚体的重量分布比例及其稳定性的影响,为该区域的农业生产和土壤质量提升提供科学依据。采集复垦6年和11年定位试验不同施肥处理耕层土样,选取不施肥(CK)、平衡施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理,利用干筛法和湿筛法获得4种粒径的团聚体/粉黏粒组分(> 2 mm、0.25-2 mm、0.053-0.25 mm和< 0.053 mm),用> 0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)表示团聚体的稳定性,并测定了土壤有机碳含量。结果表明：复垦年限对土壤团聚体的含量及稳定性影响产生了显著影响。干筛条件下,复垦6年和11年均显著降低了各处理0.053-0.25 mm团聚体和< 0.053 mm组分的含量,降幅分别为68.39%-87.37%、69.63%-78.32%(6年)和90.01%-93.68%、78.29%-83.93%(11年)；湿筛条件下,复垦11年显著提高了各处理> 2 mm团聚体的含量,增幅达473.35%-645.16%,但是显著降低了0.053-0.25 mm团聚体的含量,降幅为43.67%-57.54%。土壤团聚体的稳定性也随着复垦年限的增加而逐渐增强,表现为DR_0.25、WR_0.25和MWD值呈增加趋势,而PAD和E_LT值呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳含量与DR_0.25、WR_0.25、MWD_水稳性呈极显著正相关关系,而它与PAD和E_LT呈极显著负相关关系。本研究表明,该区域连续复垦11年提高了土壤大团聚体的含量而伴随着微团聚体含量的显著减少,导致土壤结构越来越稳定。它对提高采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力、改善土壤结构效果最佳。     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

施氮及添加硝化抑制剂对苜蓿草地N2O排放的影响

为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)栽培草地氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放对施氮水平及添加硝化抑制剂的响应特征,采用传统静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平[0kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、 50kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N50)、 100kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N100)和150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150)]以及添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150+DCD)对陇东苜蓿草地N_2O排放特征的影响。结果显示,监测期内N0、N50、N100和N150处理N_2O平均排放速率分别为3.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、4.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.0μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和6.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),随着施氮梯度的增加, N_2O排放速率呈增加趋势。添加硝化抑制剂DCD对N_2O排放产生明显的抑制作用。与N150处理相比, N150+DCD处理下苜蓿草地N_2O平均排放速率下降50.7%, N_2O累计排放量显著降低61.6%(P0.05)。施氮对苜蓿产量没有显著影响,而N0、N50、N100和N150处理下单位苜蓿产量N_2O排放量随氮肥梯度的增加而增加,各处理分别为6.5 mg·kg~(-1)、7.8 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12.5 mg·kg~(-1)。N_2O排放受土壤含水量影响深刻,生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤温度无显著相关性(P0.05)。综上,旱作紫花苜蓿栽培草地N_2O排放通量随施氮水平的增加明显增加,在相同施氮水平下添加硝化抑制剂DCD能显著抑制N_2O排放。相关研究结果对于该区域苜蓿草地合理施肥以及N_2O减排具有一定的实践指导意义。     

基于PLC的蟹笼渔船诱饵填盒与塞笼自动化流水线方案设计

蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料在使用过程需要经过破冰分离、切块、填盒、塞笼等工序,效率低、劳动强度大。为提升蟹笼渔船的生产效率,需要实现饵料使用自动化。提出了一种实现饵料使用自动化的流水线生产方案,并通过Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 5.0进行流水线的结构设计建模与原理分析,采用GX works3基于三菱FX5U系列PLC完成了流水线PLC控制梯形图程序设计,并在软件上进行在线模拟测试。结果显示:该流水线的结构设计理论上能满足蟹笼渔船饵料使用的自动化需求,控制系统的设计符合流水线的动作顺序控制,端口运行正常,未发生错误提示。该流水线生产方案的提出为蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料实现自动化提供了条件,同时也打破了蟹笼饵料的传统塞入方式,即由内部塞入改为外部挤入。控制系统的设计为蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料自动切块填盒与塞笼流水线的实际生产使用打下了理论基础。     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

粘性Cahn-Hilliard方程的高精度线性化差分方法

讨论粘性Cahn-Hilliard方程的高精度线性化差分方法.利用降阶法对粘性Cahn-Hilliard方程建立三层线性化紧差分格式.用离散能量分析法证明差分格式的唯一可解性及在L_∞-范数下的收敛性,其收敛阶为时间方向二阶、空间方向四阶.最后,通过数值算例验证了差分格式的理论结果.